Ategorization of the sources of variation orders in road construction projects in Ghana
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Date
2021-07-05
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Abstract
The road industry has inherent risks due to the complicated nature of the work. This
subsequently leads to variations. Variations in the construction industry comprise of
omission, addition and substitution. The main aim of this research is to categorize the
sources of variation orders in road projects. The objectives were: to identify work
sections in road projects that are predominantly affected by variations; to evaluate and
categorize the sources of variation orders in road projects; to identify the effects of
variation orders in road projects; and to propose strategies to minimize variation orders
in road projects. Quantitative research strategy was employed. Questionnaires were
used to gather data from respondents. Purposive sampling technique was adopted. The
tools for analyzing the data consisted of descriptive statistics, mean score ranking, and
Cronbach Alpha for testing reliability. The following were the work sections that had
the most variations in descending order: Roads and pavings; Pipe works; Concrete
ancillaries; Drain and ditches; In-situ concrete. The sources of variations were
analysed. From client related source, change in specifications by the owner; inadequate
planning; owner’s financial problems; delay in decision making; obstinate nature of the
owner were the most significant sources. From the consultant/designer related source,
change in specification by the consultant; inadequate design; design complexity;
inaccurate cost estimation; slow decision making were the most significant sources.
From the contractor related source, lack of strategic planning; reworks; contractor’s
financial difficulties; poor workmanship; lack of coordination between general
contractors and subcontractors were the most significant sources. From the
miscellaneous related source, inappropriate government policies; fluctuation in prices
of materials; unavailability of equipment; shortage of skilled manpower; emergency
works were the most significant sources. Completion schedule delay; Causes rework;iii
Additional payments for contractor; Disputes among professionals; increasing Blemish
firm’s reputation were the most severe effects of variations on road projects. Extensive
planning is required by all parties before commencement of works; Consultant coordination is essential at the design stage; Supervision of works should be well
undertaken; Consultants should produce designs and contracts that are conclusive;
Enough time must be provided for pre-tender planning were the most significant
strategies to minimize variations in road projects. It is recommended that supervision of
works should be well undertaken. This will prevent the need for reworks and variations
Description
A thesis submitted to the Department of Construction Technology and Management, College of Art and Built Environment in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Master of Science.
Keywords
categorization, sources, variation, road projects